The National Institutes of Health recommends that research studies recruit enough
subjects to address relevant gender differences [
1
,
2
,
3
]. Recruiting volunteers for research, however, is a complicated process. Though some
work has informed the barriers to and facilitators of research participation amongst
women and other minority subjects [
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
], few have focused on how pre-hospital factors, specifically mode of Emergency Department
(ED) arrival, may influence the recruitment of female subjects in emergency research
settings. Traditionally the point of entry into care, the ED is increasingly becoming
the focal point for addressing several public health challenges, such as the growing
opioid epidemic, stroke care, and traumatic brain injury. Patients may enter the ED
setting via ambulance or walk-in/ambulatory means. Since ambulance use is often associated
with higher acuity [
[10]
,
[11]
], users may be less inclined to engage in voluntary research activities, that may
not be immediately related to their clinical care. The present study attempts to address
a gap in the literature, by exploring how ED mode of arrival (ambulance vs non-ambulance)
affects research participation in women. We hypothesized that women arriving via ambulance
will be less willing to participate in research, compared with those arriving as walk-in/ambulatory
patients.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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References
- Women as subjects in research.(7/19/2017; Available from:)
- FDA research, policy, and workshops on women in clinical trials.(cited 7/19/2017; Available from:)
- NIH peer review, guidelines for the review of inclusion on the basis of sex/gender, race, ethnicity, and age in clinical research.(8/29/2018; Available from:)
- Volunteer motivation and attendance decisions: competitive theory testing in multiple samples from a homeless shelter.J Appl Psychol. 1995; 80: 371-385
- Review of the literature: primary barriers and facilitators to participation in clinical research.(cited 9/4/2018; Available from:)
- Beliefs of women's risk as research subjects: a four-city study examining differences by sex and by race/ethnicity.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009; 18: 235-243
- Strategies to reduce barriers to recruitment and participation.Online J Rural Nurs Health Care. 2010; 10: 22-33
- Challenges of conducting multi-center, multi-disciplinary urinary incontinence clinical trials: experience of the urinary incontinence treatment network.NeurourolUrodyn. 2009; 28: 170-176
- Recruitment and retention of young women into nutrition research studies: practical considerations.Trials. 2014; 15: 23
- The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by older adults: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 441-447
- The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by children: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008; 12: 269-276
- Implementation of an emergency medicine research associates program: sharing 20 years of experience.West J Emerg Med. 2018; 19: 606-612
- Ambulance use is associated with higher self-rated illness seriousness: user attitudes and perceptions.Acad Emerg Med. 2013; 20: 576-583
- Neighborhood poverty and 9-1-1 ambulance response time.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 436-444
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: November 14, 2018
Accepted:
November 3,
2018
Received in revised form:
November 2,
2018
Received:
September 10,
2018
Identification
Copyright
Published by Elsevier Inc.
