1198 Correspondence / American Journal of Emergency Medicine 35 (2017) 1190-1206

References

1. Takada H, Hifumi T, Nishimoto N, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the elderly: a retro- spective cohort analysis: effectiveness of linezolid in the elderly. Am J Emerg Med 2017;35:245-8.
2. Valley TS, Sjoding SW, Ryan AM, et al. Association of intensive care unit admission with mortality among older patients with pneumonia. JAMA 2015;314:1272-9.
3. Bamgbola O. Review of vancomycin-induced renal toxicity: an update. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2016;7:136-47.
4. Wunderink RG, Niederman MS, Kollef MH, et al. Linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:621-9.
5. Wunderink RG, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, Kollef MH, Linezolid Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. Continuation of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Clin Ther 2003;25:980-92.

   safety programs. FunSim-J is an example of an adapted curriculum which was “localized” to for regional cultural, educational, and healthcare practices.

   Nobuyasu Komasawa, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

   E-mail address: [email protected]

   Benjamin W. Berg, MD

   SimTiki Simulation Center, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of

   Hawai‘i, United States

   Toshiaki Minami, MD, PhD

   Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Japan

   

   Need for in-hospital simulation-based educational facilitation for practical patient safety improvement

   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.05.045

   References

   25 May 2017

   Keywords:

   In-hospital Simulation training Patient safety

   Interprofessional education

   To the Editor,

   Simulation-based education (SBE) methods have been developed and widely utilized for acquisition of both technical and non-technical

   Komasawa N, Berg BW. Interprofessional simulation training for perioperative man- agement team development and patient safety. J Perioper Pract 2016;26:250-3.

6. Palaganas JC, Epps C, Raemer DB. A history of simulation-enhanced interprofessional education. J Interprof Care 2014;28:110-5.
7. Kirkpatrick D. Revisiting Kirkpatrick’s four-level-model. Train Dev 1996;1:54-7.
8. Pronovost P, Weast B, Holzmuller CG, Rosenstein BJ, Kidwell RP, Haller KB, et al. Eval- uation of the culture of safety: survey of clinicians and managers in an academic med- ical center. Qual Saf Health Care 2003;12:405-10.

   The authors respond: Top cited articles on ultrasound in the ED

   

   skills regarding patient safety [1]. SBE is a principle component of

   many in-hospital Patient Safety and Interprofessional education (IPE) paradigms [2].

   The Kirkpatrick model has been used for over 30 years as the major framework for evaluation of training effectiveness and outcomes. Kirkpatrick’s vision and widespread application of the evaluation system have supported an increasingly rigorous body of evidence regarding effec- tiveness of various methods in professional healthcare training [3].

   Increased healthcare worker competency and knowledge in the Pa- tient Safety domain has been demonstrated following SBE courses using active learning techniques. However, outcomes measured have been largely limited to Kirkpatrick level 1 (reaction) and level 2 (learning) measures. Knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding patient safety can thus be “seeded” within organizations by key individuals who partici- pate in Patient Safety Training incorporating SBE. Changes and improve- ment of hospital Patient Safety system outcomes however requires dissemination and adoption of knowledge skills and attitudes regarding patient safety throughout the entire workforce. Organizational dissem- ination of patient safety concepts can be measured and reported using tools such as the “Safety Climate Survey” [4]. Individual training is thus necessary, but not sufficient to effect measurable changes in out- comes, organizational dissemination and adoption of concepts by the entire professional healthcare workforce is required.

   Achieving Kirkpatrick level 4 (result) Patient Safety program out- comes requires, interprofessional consensus. IPE scenario-based SBE with simulators or problem-based learning and discussion for patient safety can support consensus building. Development of facilitators for Patient Safety focused SBE is required. Fundamental Simulation Instruc- tional Methods (FunSim) is a 2-day facilitator training curriculum de- veloped at the SimTiki Simulation Center, University of Hawaii, completed by over 500 healthcare professionals and educators in Japan and the USA. Development of skilled facilitators for patient safety SBE within individual hospitals is one urgently required step towards realizing and measuring effective outcomes of hospital based patient

   Keywords:

   Citation Ultrasound

   Emergency department

   To the Editor,

   Firstly, we would like to thank Dr. Lee for his detailed reviews and valuable contributions [1].

   We have determined the most referenced studies in our study, by tak- ing into account the total number of citations [2]. The same methodology was also used in former bibliometric studies [3,4]. However, taking into re- gard the possibility of a higher total number of citations in the former stud- ies, we have also listed the annual Citation numbers of the studies. We, as the reader, believe that the number of citations per year is an important parameter in demonstrating the rates of being read and cited, therefore the popularity of the studies. However, the total number of citations is also important for registering the cumulative effect of the study over the medical practice from the day it was published. For example, although an- nual citation numbers of the study titled Focused Assessment with Sonog- raphy for Trauma (FAST) are less than other USG areas, these studies have radically altered the USG applications in emergency departments. Like- wise, as determined in our study, 32% of the most cited 100 articles in the field of emergency ultrasonography were on the evaluation of FAST.

   As stated by Dr. Lee, review of the citations according to citation

   dates of the studies, may point to an important parameter in demon- strating the current popularity of the study. Indeed, newer studies in- cluded in our study had a higher number of annual citations. In contrast, as the reader states, there are no studies completed between 2011 and 2015, which were included in the most cited articles. Yet, the citation numbers can be very low for studies within the first 2 years following publication [5]. This evaluation is one of the many